Leukemia A Comprehensive Review of AML, CML – Causes, Diagnosis, and Emerging Trends and Treatment

Abstract

Abstract
Leukemia is a group of malignant disorders involving the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal hematopoietic stem cells, leading to the accumulation of precursor cells immediately in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. This review focuses on two primary subtypes: Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML). In leukemia, immature cells such as myeloblasts and lymphoblasts dominate circulation, disrupting normal hematopoiesis. AML, mainly affecting adults, is a heterogeneous disease classified by FAB and WHO systems, with clinical features including bone marrow failure, organ infiltration, and distinct cytogenetic abnormalities like t (8;21), t (15;17), and inv (16). CML, typically seen in older adults, is driven by the Philadelphia chromosome translocation (t (9;22)), which forms the BCR-ABL fusion gene responsible for unchecked cell growth. It progresses through chronic, accelerated, and blast phases. Diagnosis involves clinical, hematological, and molecular assessments. Treatment includes supportive care, cytotoxic chemotherapy for AML, and targeted therapies like imatinib for CML. Emerging strategies emphasize personalized approaches.
Keywords: Leukaemia, AML, CML, Stem cells, Myeloblasts, BCR-ABL, Chemotherapy, Philadelphia chromosome